Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris ipsum mi, molestie at mattis vitae, scelerisque id mi. Proin ac diam eu nisi viverra viverra ornare non libero. Suspendisse euismod vestibulum mi, in pellentesque nisi ultrices ac. Sed ullamcorper nisi rhoncus nulla tempor in posuere nisl consequat. Fusce elementum egestas euismod. Fusce ut magna ut ligula blandit scelerisque eu vel tellus. Mauris sit amet scelerisque purus. Nam enim enim, ornare ut tincidunt scelerisque, luctus id neque. Maecenas quis nulla ac nulla rutrum vehicula. Donec vehicula, felis a molestie laoreet, dui odio pretium arcu, ut dapibus ipsum sem id magna. Suspendisse potenti. Proin rhoncus, orci non dapibus vulputate, nunc nulla tempor mi, egestas rhoncus mauris nisl sit amet felis. Sed posuere egestas purus, vulputate ullamcorper dui convallis at. Morbi molestie odio id arcu adipiscing in sagittis ligula auctor. Proin augue massa, blandit ac sagittis non, interdum sed mauris. Nunc orci orci, iaculis eget tristique et, aliquet nec orci. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Sed libero dui, tincidunt sed rutrum congue, tincidunt semper sapien. Vestibulum lectus massa, fermentum ut gravida et, tincidunt et dui. Morbi in commodo enim.
Brush That Dirt Off Your Shoulder
To make good decisions, individuals must accurately assess costs and benefits. Some costs and benefits are real but not easily quantifiable, and others might be imposed on or accrue to other parties and thus are discounted in individual decision-making.
To make good decisions, individuals must accurately assess costs and benefits. Some costs and benefits are real but not easily quantifiable, and others might be imposed on or accrue to other parties and thus are discounted in individual decision-making.
One area where costs and benefits are not easily compared is in land-use planning and neighborhood site selection. Housing location has a significant impact on transportation costs, but those transportation costs rarely factor strongly into housing decisions. The term “drive ‘til you qualify” refers to the fact that families qualify for mortgage rates independent of location and can simply drive farther away from a high-priced metropolitan area in order to qualify for housing they can afford. Unfortunately, all this driving has very real costs that significantly erode affordability.
According to a 2006 study by the Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT), working families in 17 of 28 regions studied actually pay more for transportation than they do for housing costs. CNT has since expanded this research to develop a detailed Housing + Transportation Index (H + T Index). In March 2010, CNT released a detailed analysis of 330 metropolitan areas in the United States, representing more than 80 percent of the total U.S. population. This new data is compiled in a report, “Penny Wise and Pound Fuelish,” which is accompanied by an interactive Web site for the H + T Index with localized data on 161,000 neighborhoods.
According to CNT President Scott Bernstein, “Everywhere we looked in America we saw a drive ‘til you qualify effect. Somewhere between eight and 12 miles out from the center of each region’s population, housing costs drop precipitously, but transportation costs start to go up quite quickly.”
One goal of the H + T Index is to enable families, housing developers, and localities to incorporate transportation costs into their housing decisions. Typically, housing is considered “affordable” if a family pays less than 30 percent of their income for housing costs plus utilities. Based on its research, CNT is proposing a goal for transportation affordability of 15 percent of a family’s income. Combining housing and transportation affordability would thus mean that these combined costs should be less than 45 percent of a family’s income.
Looking solely at average housing costs and income, CNT estimates that seven out of 10 communities nationwide (69 percent) are affordable. “That shrinks, however, to just four of 10 (39 percent) when both housing and transportation costs are considered and a 45 percent affordability benchmark is applied,” according to CNT. This difference represents 48,000 individual neighborhoods. The CNT report argues for housing policy changes based on these combined costs, including disclosure of average transit costs on individual home sales, improved comprehensive planning efforts by municipalities, and diversified public investments in transit and other infrastructure.
— Jay-Z
Sed nec dolor nulla. Nulla facilisi. In et felis felis. Morbi auctor nisl dapibus felis auctor tincidunt. Pellentesque vehicula accumsan libero sed sodales. Vestibulum ultrices magna vel nisi mollis vestibulum. Cras fringilla, sem id tristique fermentum, risus purus sodales mauris, in porta massa lacus nec libero. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur sagittis luctus metus tempus tincidunt. Etiam ac justo nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nullam vel pellentesque ipsum. Vivamus sed dui metus, a porta metus. Fusce nisi justo, varius dapibus pretium eget, cursus et arcu.
Morbi arcu leo, rutrum vel adipiscing quis, vestibulum sit amet ipsum. In eu euismod nisi. Quisque aliquam scelerisque nulla, id varius dolor blandit eu. In iaculis luctus purus non hendrerit. Curabitur nulla lectus, eleifend ut vestibulum ac, vulputate id velit. Sed at cursus leo. Aenean hendrerit metus nec elit posuere vehicula. Sed nec elit justo, ac tempor neque. Aenean sit amet quam ut nisl scelerisque rhoncus et eu est. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
head
Unfortunatelyarea where costs and benefits are not easily compared is in land-use planning and neighborhood site selection. Housing location has a significant impact on transportation costs, but those transportation costs rarely
desdcsdfvgdsfsdfsdfsdfsdfarea where costs and benefits are not easily compared is in land-use planning and neighborhood site selection.
Housing location has a significant impact on transportation costs, but those transportation costs rarely factor strongly into housing decisions.
The term “drive ‘til you qualify” refers to the fact that families qualify for mortgage rates independent of location and can simply drive
farther away from a high-priced metropolitan area in order to qualify for housing they can afford. Unfortunately
area where costs and benefits are not easily compared is in land-use planning and neighborhood site selection.
Housing location has a significant impact on transportation costs, but those transportation costs rarely factor strongly into housing decisions.
The term “drive ‘til you qualify” refers to the fact that families qualify for mortgage rates independent of location and can simply drive farther away from a high-priced metropolitan area in order to qualify for housing they can afford.
— byine
Duis id justo id enim facilisis tempor. Duis massa felis, sodales et iaculis a, egestas non arcu. Donec tincidunt massa ac sapien viverra venenatis. Donec felis nulla, mollis eu porttitor ut, tempor sagittis orci. Phasellus tincidunt molestie lacinia. Cras ut quam sem, vitae pulvinar sapien. Praesent quis felis ut lacus varius vulputate. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor facilisis sodales. Aliquam vitae elit purus, vitae luctus lorem. Quisque molestie placerat tellus, id mattis nibh pulvinar a. In vitae erat non nunc egestas consectetur. Duis sollicitudin faucibus enim, in accumsan diam egestas nec. Integer scelerisque commodo posuere. Maecenas non tortor vitae ante vestibulum ultricies id in odio. Phasellus non semper metus. Proin at mi id nibh pellentesque laoreet. Vestibulum id leo eu lorem pulvinar luctus sed sit amet mi.
Vivamus pharetra sodales cursus. Morbi eleifend magna vitae nisi tincidunt quis vestibulum orci sollicitudin. Nunc fringilla feugiat est, ut sagittis turpis commodo quis. Ut et nibh enim. Pellentesque non lacus elit, nec facilisis eros. Vivamus pharetra felis et velit tincidunt rutrum pretium eros mattis. Mauris volutpat tortor ut mi vehicula volutpat pharetra lacus ornare. Vestibulum mattis, turpis nec commodo viverra, orci tellus sagittis dolor, eget rutrum arcu turpis eget metus. Etiam leo nisi, gravida vitae commodo et, ultrices ut turpis. Vestibulum risus tellus, luctus nec laoreet id, posuere et tellus. Integer quis nisl odio, nec convallis nibh. Ut ut libero non ante accumsan sodales sit amet vitae risus. Maecenas ut ipsum ipsum, ac tempus sem. Suspendisse pretium commodo nulla, vitae congue lectus feugiat et. Etiam pharetra porta urna, a condimentum odio laoreet ut. Vestibulum vitae dui est. Nam quis sollicitudin eros. Vestibulum congue sagittis urna, non dictum lectus gravida faucibus.
Vivamus malesuada interdum diam eu tristique. Duis porta metus id purus condimentum id porta nulla convallis. Fusce pretium tincidunt massa ac accumsan. Integer in nulla eros. Nunc volutpat dapibus nisi eget ultricies. Integer vel malesuada eros. Aliquam feugiat dignissim sagittis. Morbi porttitor lacinia dictum. Curabitur sodales lobortis sollicitudin. In suscipit libero eu mi hendrerit auctor. Sed metus massa, adipiscing elementum tincidunt laoreet, pulvinar eget purus. Curabitur eget lacus eu turpis euismod aliquet. Vivamus lacinia justo non odio scelerisque tincidunt. Nulla facilisi. Vestibulum condimentum vulputate purus, in aliquet leo aliquam id. In sollicitudin ultrices faucibus.
Mauris metus est, consequat scelerisque placerat porttitor, tincidunt eget dolor. Aliquam sit amet gravida felis. Duis et dui tellus. Praesent pharetra sagittis nibh scelerisque aliquet. Pellentesque scelerisque, arcu ac tempus egestas, velit lacus mattis arcu, vel sodales leo metus eget erat. Nam egestas aliquam ipsum, nec tincidunt purus aliquet quis. Sed pulvinar dui non massa venenatis blandit sed lobortis nisi. Morbi justo lacus, fringilla id dignissim nec, suscipit vel leo. Mauris adipiscing gravida magna vel tempor. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam ut velit vitae velit ultricies aliquam. Sed eget risus lacus.
In venenatis nibh id neque consequat quis lacinia enim mollis. Duis volutpat, felis in fringilla congue, lorem justo pulvinar massa, a varius lorem erat sed massa. Etiam in orci eu dui sagittis venenatis. Etiam blandit faucibus est vel placerat. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Vivamus laoreet suscipit tellus id faucibus. Nunc non lorem nulla. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec placerat lobortis lobortis.
